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  #1  
Old 10-08-2007, 08:23 PM
Geoff Harrison Geoff Harrison is offline
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Posts: 104
Default Kenbak-1 demo program.

Well, I finally got tired of watching the Kanbak-1 counting to 255 in binary, so I wrote a little program to do a Cylon display on the LEDs instead.

Change the value at 034 to change the speed.

Code:
Addr    Value
----    ---------
                        ; Display Cylon lights on the Kenbak-1 front panel
003     004
004     023 001         START   LOAD A, #1      ; A = 00000001b
006     034 200         LEFT    STORE A, 0200   ; display A on LEDs
010     367 032                 JMD WAIT        ; pause
012     211                     LEFT SHIFT A 1  ; A << 1
013     043 006                 JPD A!=0, LEFT  ; if A != 0 jump to label LEFT
;
015     023 200                 LOAD A, #0200   ; A = 10000000b
017     034 200         RIGHT   STORE A, 0200   ; display B on LEDs
021     367 032                 JMD WAIT        ; pause
023     011                     RIGHT SHIFT A 1 ; A >> 1
024     323 177                 AND A, #0177    ; mask off sign bit
026     043 017                 JPD A!=0, RIGHT ; if A != 0 jump to label RIGHT
030     347 004                 JPD START       ; repeat forever
;
032     000             WAIT    .equ 0          ; return address will be stored here
033     123 020                 LOAD B, #020    ; delay for a count of 020
035     113 001         WAIT1   SUB B, #1       ; decrement B
037     143 035                 JPD B!=0, WAIT1 ; if B != 0 jump to label WAIT1
041     357 032                 JPI WAIT        ; return
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  #2  
Old 10-09-2007, 05:55 AM
Grant Stockly Grant Stockly is offline
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Looks like you're having fun! Isn't it amazing, that a pile of TTL chips is 'thinking'? These are the chips that we normally use to support an Altair or Apple II!

I still can't get over it.

Didn't some cylons have two dots that meet each other in the middle. Will that be version 2?
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  #3  
Old 10-09-2007, 12:57 PM
phe phe is offline
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Excellent idea for a program. I'll have to try to replicate it on the 8800.

This is interesting code to read. JMD must be like a CALL. I can't figure out how the WAIT subroutine returns. Does the Kenbak have a stack? Where is the equivalent "RET" instruction?

Paul
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  #4  
Old 10-09-2007, 01:48 PM
Geoff Harrison Geoff Harrison is offline
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Quote:
Originally Posted by phe View Post
Does the Kenbak have a stack? Where is the equivalent "RET" instruction?
Paul
No, no stack on a Kenbak. The JMD (Jump and Mark Direct) instruction stores the value {program counter}+2 at the address in the operand, then jumps to the address {operand}+1. To return you do an unconditional JPI (Jump Indirect) using the start of the subroutine as the operand, which returns you to the instruction following the JMD. It's all pretty neat but it means you can't do recursion, of course
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  #5  
Old 10-09-2007, 02:57 PM
Geoff Harrison Geoff Harrison is offline
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Grant Stockly View Post
Didn't some cylons have two dots that meet each other in the middle. Will that be version 2?
OK, here's another version using indexed mode. It's easier to change the pattern in this one by just changing the table

Code:
Addr    Value
----    ---------
                        ; Display Cylon lights on the Kenbak-1 front panel
                        ; Version 2
003     004                                             ; initialize PC
004     223 000         START   LOAD X, #0              ; X = 0
006     026 033         LOOP    LOAD INDEX A, TABLE     ; set A = next byte from table
010     044 004                 JPD A=0, START          ; restart if at end of tale
012     034 200                 STORE A, 0200           ; display A on LEDs
014     367 022                 JMD WAIT                ; pause
016     203 001                 ADD X, #1               ; decrement X
020     347 006                 JPD LOOP                ; loop to get next pattern
;
022     000             WAIT    .equ 0                  ; return address will be stored here
023     123 020                 LOAD B, #020            ; delay for a count of 020
025     113 001         WAIT1   SUB B, #1               ; decrement B
027     143 025                 JPD B!=0, WAIT1         ; if B != 0 jump to label WAIT1
031     357 022                 JPI WAIT                ; return
;
033     201             TABLE   .equ 10000001
034     102                     .equ 01000010
035     044                     .equ 00100100
036     030                     .equ 00011000
037     044                     .equ 00100100
040     102                     .equ 01000010
041     201                     .equ 10000001
042     000                     .equ 00000000
Quote:
Isn't it amazing, that a pile of TTL chips is 'thinking'?
Yes. I'm almost glad I missed that solder joint, the time I spent looking over the circuit diagrams and state diagrams gave me a good appreciation for John's interesting design. I find some of the Kenbak's quirks quite interesting: the serial architecture of course, the lack of a stack, the variable execution time of the instructions, the accessibility of the registers as memory locations (though some other CPUs do that too).

Does anyone know of other machines that use a serial design like this one?

Geoff.
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  #6  
Old 10-10-2007, 07:16 AM
Grant Stockly Grant Stockly is offline
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016 203 001 ADD X, #1 ; decrement X

increment X?
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  #7  
Old 10-10-2007, 12:39 PM
Geoff Harrison Geoff Harrison is offline
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Grant Stockly View Post
increment X?
Oops. Also, why didn't I do the pause in line this time instead of as a subroutine? Oh well.

I'm still writing these little routines directly in machine language and then back filling the assembly code and comments later, which is why the assembly code has inconsistent syntax. I need to switch to writing in assembly and standardize the code; can I download your patches to as? Also, do you have the datasheets for the 1404 shift registers? I haven't been able to find much information about them.
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  #8  
Old 10-11-2007, 07:58 AM
Grant Stockly Grant Stockly is offline
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I'll just gzip my whole project folder after a make-clean. There are dozens of patches in random areas to get everything to work just right (like octal listing output)

You'll have to modify the makefile.

I'll try to do this by the weekend.
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  #9  
Old 10-13-2007, 10:22 PM
Grant Stockly Grant Stockly is offline
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Following Geoff's hand code is the code required for the KENBAK-1 AS assembler.

Quote:
Originally Posted by Geoff Harrison View Post
Code:
Addr    Value
----    ---------
                        ; Display Cylon lights on the Kenbak-1 front panel
                        ; Version 2
003     004                                             ; initialize PC
004     223 000         START   LOAD X, #0              ; X = 0
006     026 033         LOOP    LOAD INDEX A, TABLE     ; set A = next byte from table
010     044 004                 JPD A=0, START          ; restart if at end of tale
012     034 200                 STORE A, 0200           ; display A on LEDs
014     367 022                 JMD WAIT                ; pause
016     203 001                 ADD X, #1               ; decrement X
020     347 006                 JPD LOOP                ; loop to get next pattern
;
022     000             WAIT    .equ 0                  ; return address will be stored here
023     123 020                 LOAD B, #020            ; delay for a count of 020
025     113 001         WAIT1   SUB B, #1               ; decrement B
027     143 025                 JPD B!=0, WAIT1         ; if B != 0 jump to label WAIT1
031     357 022                 JPI WAIT                ; return
;
033     201             TABLE   .equ 10000001
034     102                     .equ 01000010
035     044                     .equ 00100100
036     030                     .equ 00011000
037     044                     .equ 00100100
040     102                     .equ 01000010
041     201                     .equ 10000001
042     000                     .equ 00000000

Code:
; Display Cylon lights on the Kenbak-1 front panel
; Version 2
; By Geoff Harrison
; Syntax and AS conversion by Grant Stockly
       cpu     KENBAK     ; Assemble for the KENBAK
       include kenbak.inc ; Kenbak include file
       relaxed on         ; Allow non-intel constant formats
                          ;
       ORG  003o          ; Location of PC Register
       DB   004o          ; Example on how to "setup" PC Register
                          ;
       ORG  004o          ; First non-special address
                          ;
START: LDC  X, 0          ; Load constant 0 to X
LOOP:  LDX  A, TABLE      ; set A = next byte from table
       JDZ  A, START      ; restart if at end of table
       STM  A, Lamps      ; display A on LEDs
       JMMD WAIT          ; pause
       ADC  X, 1          ; increment X
       JMP  LOOP          ; loop to get next pattern
                          ;
WAIT:  DB   0             ; return address will be stored here
       LDC  B, 020o       ; delay for a count of 020
WAIT1: SBC  B, 1          ; decrement B
       JDNZ B, WAIT1      ; if B != 0 jump to label WAIT1
       JMI  WAIT          ; return
                          ;
TABLE: DB   0b10000001    ;
       DB   0b01000010    ;
       DB   0b00100100    ;
       DB   0b00011000    ;
       DB   0b00100100    ;
       DB   0b01000010    ;
       DB   0b10000001    ;
       DB   0b00000000    ;
                          ;
                          ;END
I'm not too happy with the listing output. I will have to figure out what to do. Do you guys think the listing is OK with all of the (MACRO) lines? I guess it is helpful to know what your code expands to...

You may notice some differences between the assembled code and Geoff's hand code. John used the condition "Zero" when "Unconditional" was specified. Geoff used "Positive Non-Zero", but this difference should not affect the operation of the code. My kenbak is still in pieces from scanning the motherboard. Geoff, can you key in this version of the cylon program and see if it works?

I'll try to have the online assembler going soon...

Here is the assembled code:
Code:
 AS V1.42 Beta [Bld 55] - source file cylon2.asm - page 1 - 10/13/2007 14:14:28


       1/       0 :                     ; Display Cylon lights on the Kenbak-1 front panel
       2/       0 :                     ; Version 2
       3/       0 :                     ; By Geoff Harrison
       4/       0 :                     ; Syntax and AS conversion by Grant Stockly
       5/     000 :                  cpu     KENBAK        ; Assemble for the KENBAK
       6/     000 :                  ;macexp  off           ; Turn off macro expansion
       7/     000 :                  include kenbak.inc    ; Kenbak include file
(1)  439/     000 :              listing on
       8/     000 :                  relaxed on            ; Allow non-intel constant formats
       9/     000 :                                        ;
      10/     003 :                  ORG  003o             ; Location of PC Register
      11/     004 : 004              DB   004o             ; Example on how to "setup" PC Register
      12/     004 :                                        ;
      13/     004 :                  ORG  004o             ; First non-special address
      14/     004 :                                        ;
      15/     004 : (MACRO)             START: LDC  X, 0             ; Load constant 0 to X
      15/     006 : 223 000         LOAD   Immediate, X, 0
      16/     006 : (MACRO)             LOOP:  LDX  A, TABLE         ; set A = next byte from table
      16/     010 : 026 033         LOAD   Indexed, A, TABLE
      17/     010 : (MACRO)                    JDZ  A, START         ; restart if at end of table
      17/     012 : 044 004         JMPD   A, Zero, START
      18/     012 : (MACRO)                    STM  A, Lamps         ; display A on LEDs
      18/     014 : 034 200         STORE  Memory, A, LAMPS
      19/     014 : (MACRO)                    JMMD WAIT             ; pause
      19/     016 : 364 022         JMPMD  Unconditional, Zero, WAIT
      20/     016 : (MACRO)                    ADC  X, 1             ; increment X
      20/     020 : 203 001         ADD    Immediate, X, 1
      21/     020 : (MACRO)                    JMP  LOOP             ; loop to get next pattern
      21/     022 : 344 006         JMPD   Unconditional, Zero, LOOP
      22/     022 :                                        ;
      23/     023 : 000       WAIT:  DB   0                ; return address will be stored here
      24/     023 : (MACRO)                    LDC  B, 020o          ; delay for a count of 020
      24/     025 : 123 020         LOAD   Immediate, B, 020O
      25/     025 : (MACRO)             WAIT1: SBC  B, 1             ; decrement B
      25/     027 : 113 001         SUB    Immediate, B, 1
      26/     027 : (MACRO)                    JDNZ B, WAIT1         ; if B != 0 jump to label WAIT1
      26/     031 : 143 025         JMPD   B, Non_Zero, WAIT1
      27/     031 : (MACRO)                    JMI  WAIT             ; return
      27/     033 : 354 022         JMPI   Unconditional, Zero, WAIT
      28/     033 :                                        ;
      29/     034 : 201       TABLE: DB   0b10000001
      30/     035 : 102              DB   0b01000010
      31/     036 : 044              DB   0b00100100
      32/     037 : 030              DB   0b00011000
      33/     040 : 044              DB   0b00100100
      34/     041 : 102              DB   0b01000010
      35/     042 : 201              DB   0b10000001
      36/     043 : 000              DB   0b00000000
      37/     043 :                  
      38/     043 :                  ;END
  symbol table (* = unused):
  ------------------------

 A :                              0 - | *ARCHITECTURE :  i386-unknown-win32 - |
 B :                              1 - | *BIGENDIAN :                      0 - |
*BRANCHEXT :                      0 - | *CASESENSITIVE :                  0 - |
*CONSTANT :                       3 - | *CONSTPI :        3.141592653589793 - |
*DATE :                  10/13/2007 - | *DEF :                            5 - |
*DEFERRED :                       5 - | *FALSE :                          0 - |
*FOUR :                           4 - | *FOUR_PLACES :                    4 - |
*FULLPMMU :                       1 - | *HAS64 :                          1 - |
*HASDSP :                         0 - | *HASFPU :                         0 - |
*HASPMMU :                        0 - | *IMM :                            3 - |
 IMMEDIATE :                      3 - | *IND :                            5 - |
 INDEXED :                        6 - | *INDIND :                         7 - |
*INDIRECT :                       5 - | *INEXTMODE :                      0 - |
*INIX :                           7 - | *INLWORDMODE :                    0 - |
*INMAXMODE :                      0 - | *INPUT :                         FF - |
*INSRCMODE :                      0 - | *INSUPMODE :                      0 - |
*INX :                            6 - | *L :                              2 - |
 LAMPS :                         80 - | *LEFT :                           2 - |
*LISTON :                         1 - |  LOOP :                           6 C |
*MACEXP :                         1 - | *MEM :                            4 - |
 MEMORY :                         4 - | *MOMCPU :                       EBA - |
*MOMCPUNAME :                KENBAK - | *NEG :                            5 - |
*NEGATIVE :                       5 - | *NESTMAX :                      100 - |
 NON_ZERO :                       3 - | *NZR :                            3 - |
*ONE :                            1 - | *ONE_PLACE :                      1 - |
*OUTPUT :                        80 - | *PACKING :                        0 - |
*PADDING :                        1 - | *PC :                             3 - |
*PNZ :                            7 - | *POSITIVE_NON_ZERO :              7 - |
*POSITIVE_OR_ZERO :               6 - | *POZ :                            6 - |
*R :                              0 - | *REGA :                           0 - |
*REGB :                           1 - | *REGISTERA :                      0 - |
*REGISTERB :                      1 - | *REGISTERPC :                     3 - |
*REGISTERX :                      2 - | *REGPC :                          3 - |
*REGX :                           2 - | *RELAXED :                        1 - |
*RIGHT :                          0 - | *SA :                            81 - |
*SB :                            82 - | *STAA :                          81 - |
*STAB :                          82 - |  START :                          4 C |
*STATUSA :                       81 - | *STATUSB :                       82 - |
*STATUSX :                       83 - | *STAX :                          83 - |
*SWITCHES :                      FF - | *SX :                            83 - |
 TABLE :                         1B C | *THREE :                          3 - |
*THREE_PLACES :                   3 - | *TIME :                    14:14:28 - |
*TRUE :                           1 - | *TWO :                            2 - |
*TWO_PLACES :                     2 - | *UNCND :                          3 - |
 UNCONDITIONAL :                  3 - | *VERSION :                     142F - |
 WAIT :                          12 C |  WAIT1 :                         15 C |
 X :                              2 - |  ZERO :                           4 - |
*ZRO :                            4 - |

     95 symbols
     80 unused symbols

  defined macros:
  ---------------

ADC                                   | ADI                                  
ADIX                                  | ADM                                  
ADX                                   | ANC                                  
ANI                                   | ANIX                                 
ANM                                   | ANX                                  
CBR                                   | CLR                                  
DEC                                   | HLT                                  
INC                                   | JDN                                  
JDNZ                                  | JDP                                  
JDPZ                                  | JDZ                                  
JIN                                   | JINZ                                 
JIP                                   | JIPZ                                 
JIZ                                   | JMI                                  
JMMD                                  | JMMI                                 
JMP                                   | JUMP                                 
LDC                                   | LDI                                  
LDIX                                  | LDM                                  
LDX                                   | LNC                                  
LNI                                   | LNIX                                 
LNM                                   | LNX                                  
LSL                                   | LSR                                  
MDN                                   | MDNZ                                 
MDP                                   | MDPZ                                 
MDZ                                   | MIN                                  
MINZ                                  | MIP                                  
MIPZ                                  | MIZ                                  
NOP                                   | ORC                                  
ORI                                   | ORIX                                 
ORM                                   | ORX                                  
ROL                                   | ROR                                  
SBC                                   | SBI                                  
SBIX                                  | SBM                                  
SBR                                   | SBRC                                 
SBRS                                  | SBX                                  
SER                                   | STC                                  
STI                                   | STIX                                 
STM                                   | STX                                  

     74 macros

  codepages:
  ----------

STANDARD (0 changed characters)


0.03 seconds assembly time

    477 lines source file
    488 lines incl. macro expansions
      2 passes
      0 errors
      0 warnings
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  #10  
Old 10-13-2007, 11:42 PM
Geoff Harrison Geoff Harrison is offline
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Join Date: Feb 2007
Posts: 104
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Grant Stockly View Post
You may notice some differences between the assembled code and Geoff's hand code. John used the condition "Zero" when "Unconditional" was specified. Geoff used "Positive Non-Zero", but this difference should not affect the operation of the code. My kenbak is still in pieces from scanning the motherboard. Geoff, can you key in this version of the cylon program and see if it works?
Yep, it works fine.

The only reason I used Positive Non-Zero on the unconditional jump was because the last 3 bits of the instruction must not be less than 003, so I just set them to 007. Any value 003 or greater will work.
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